FENOMENA HUKUM PIDANA
“Perbuatan Berlanjut” artinya suatu niat, satu jenis perbuatan, antara perbuatan yang satu dengan yang lain berlangsung tidak terlalu lama. Dengan dilakukannya perbuatan pertama, sudah terjadi delik. Jadi, perbuatan berlanjut Voortgezette Handeling sejenis dengan Concursus Realis, tetapi system pidananya selaras dengan Concursus Idealis (hanya satu pidana).
Jika perbuatan Terdakwa dipandang tidak melawan hukum, apalagi dalam dakwaan tidak ada bagian inti (bestanddeel) “melawan hukum” sehingga putusannya harus berupa lepas dari segala tuntutan hukum (onslag van alle rechtsvervolging), jadi merupakan verkapte ontslag van alle rechtsvervolging atau lepas dari segala tuntutan hukum secara terselubung.
Dalam Putusan Mahkamah Agung No. 42 K/Kr/1965 Tanggal 8 Januari 1966, disebutkan: “Suatu tindakan pada umumnya dapat hilang sifatnya sebagai melawan hukum bukan hanya berdasarkan suatu ketentuan dalam perundang – undangan melainkan juga berdasarkan asas – asas keadilan atau asas – asas hukum yang tidak tertulis dan bersifat umum, dalam perkara ini, misalnya faktor – faktor negara tidak dirugikan, kepentingan umum dilayani dan terdakwa sendiri tidak mendapat untung”.
Tasrif (diintrodusir oleh Prof. DR. Jur. Andi Hamzah dalam bukunya Pemberantasan Korupsi Melalui Hukum Pidana Nasional dan Internasional, Penerbit PT. RajaGrafindo Persada, Jakarta, Cetakan Ke – 6, Tahun 2014, halaman 140 – 141) mengemukakan sebagai berikut: “Sebab sesudah membaca redaksi sekarang ini pertanyaan yang timbul pada diri sayaadalah apakah seseorang dengan tidak melawan hukum (nietwederrechtelijkheid atau niet – onrechtmatig) boleh memperkaya diri sendiri, sedang perbuatan itu langsung atau tidak lansung dapat merugikan keuangan negara dan seterusnya? Menurut hemat saya setiap perbuatan memperkaya diri sendiri yang langsung atau tidak lansung dapat merugikan keuangan negara dan seterusnya pada hakekatnya sudah mengandung unsur melawan hukum. Hal yang penting dibuktikan adalah apakah karena perbuatan seseorang itu keuangan negara dirugikan atau tidak? Apakah karena perbuatannya itu orang yang bersangkutan telah memperkaya dirinya ataukah tidak? Jika kedua hal ini sudah dapat dibuktikan, tidak perlu lagi ada pembuktian tentang perbuatannya itu bersifat melawan hukum. Jika unsur ini tokoh dimasukkan juga maka beban pembuktian harus bertambah dengan pembuktian tentang adanya unsur melawan hukum itu, yang tidak selamanya mudah, sekalipun akan digunakan ukuran – ukuran di bidang perdata berdasar interpretasi yang luas dari Hoge Raad tentang ‘onrechtmatige daad’ dalam kasus terkenal Cohen – Lindenbaum. Bahanya adalah apabila unsur melawan hukum ini tidak dapat dibuktikan, dengan sendirinya orang yang bersangkutan harus dibebaskan atau dilepaskan dari tuntutan hukum, yang menyinggung lagi rasa keadilan dalam masyarakat”.
Menurut von Buri dengan teorinya yang terkenal aequivalentie (ekivalensi) atau condition sine qua non, yaitu: “semua syarat, yang turut serta menyebabkan suatu akibat dan tidak dapat weggedacht (dihilangkan) dari rangkaian faktor yang bersangkutan harus dianggap sebagai sebab (causa) akibat itu (Ueber Kausalitat und deren Verantwortung, 1873 dan Die Kausalitat und ihre strafrechtlichen Beziehungen, 1885, vide Utrecht).
Dalam Yurisprudensi dapat diketemukan kepastian, bahwa perubahan ancaman pidana dari enam bulan menjadi tiga tahun pada Pasal 418 KUHP oleh pemerintah Belanda yang dilakukan antara tahun 1946 sampai berlakunya Undang – Undang Nomor 73 Tahun 1958 yang memberlakukan Undang – Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1946 untuk seluruh Indonesia, dipandang tidak dapat dilaksanakan. Ini ditetapkan dalam putusan Mahkamah Agung Tanggal 12 Agustus 1961 dan Tanggal 21 Nopember 1961.
Rumusan delik dan ancaman pidana ketentuan tentang Pegawai Negeri dan Hakim yang menerima suap (hadiah atau janji), disusun kacau di pembahasan di DPR. Delik berkualifikasi (gekwalificeerde delict) telah disusun kacau. Pasal 418 Pegawai Negeri menerima hadiah atau janji yang diketahui patut dapat menduga, hal itu berhubungan dengan jabatannya. Jadi, dapat dilakukan dengan sengaja dari kata “mengetahui” dan dapat dilakukan karena kelalaian dari kata – kata “patut dapat menduga”. Delik demikian disebut pro parte doleus pro parte culpa. Bagian inti delik (celictcbestanddelen), hanya dua, yaitu menerima hadiah atau janji dan mengetahui atau patut dapat menduga diberikan kepadanya berhubungan dengan jabatannya.
Yurisprudensi Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia, yaitu Putusan Mahkamah Agung Tanggal 4 Pebruari 1976, Nomor 58 K/Kr/1974, menjelaskan tentang pengertian “Unsur Sengaja” sebagaimana disebutkan dalam Kaidah Hukumnya yang berbunyi: “Lalai tidak menyelidiki lebih dahulu daftar yang akan ditandatangani dalam perkara ini tidak merupakan kesengajaan, sedang kesengajaan itu merupakan unsur utama dari tindak pidana penggelapan”.
Created and Posted By: Appe Hamonangan Hutauruk, SH., MH. Lecturer, Advocate and Legal Consultant Handphone: 0818964919, 085959597919, 081213502002
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